Fluids
Introduction Fluid balance is Estimating the input and output of fluid in the body. Accounting for redistribution of fluid and electrolytes outside the plasma volume. In principle, all fluid into and out of the body should be measured and recorded on a fluid balance chart. In actual clinical practice, it is more common to express an opinion about fluid status. Assessment of fluid status Signs of pulmonary or peripheral oedema Dry mucosa, sunken eye appearance or patient feeling thirsty Poor urine output (<0.5 ml/kg/hour) Slow capillary refill (more/less than 2 seconds) Blood pressure - central venous or jugular or postural hypotension Pulse and heart rate Altered conscious state Loss of weight over days (not weeks) Concentration of biochemistry May also consider fluid challenge by passive leg raise or fluid bolus protocol. Intravenous Fluids Intravenous fluids are used to replace fluid losses and treat various conditions . They are categorized as crystalloids or colloids. Crystalloi...