Rx Note

Introduction Each insulin injection device has its own advantages and drawbacks. Insulin Syringes To be used with insulin vials. Reusable insulin pens Not all insulin cartridges can be used in all insulin pens, but they are brand specific. e.g. NovoPen, INSUPen. Pre-filled insulin pens Disposable once finished, but more costly. Insulin Syringes Insulin syringes are available by prescription in 3 sizes: 0.3 ml, 0.5 ml and 1 ml. Choose a syringe based on the dose (units) of insulin you require. A 6 mm and 8 mm needle is recommended over a 12.7 mm needle due to a higher risk of intramuscular injection. NovoPen 3, NovoPen 4, NovoPen 5 and NovoPen 6 Although NovoPen 4 has been phased out and replaced by NovoPen 5 in the UK, NovoPen 4 is still marketed in Malaysia. NovoPen 5 offers an additional feature of a digital display that shows the dose memory. Time elapsed: Each segment represents an hour since the last injection. Last dose volume: Records the last insulin dose in units. On ...

Introduction Pharmaceutical care has been defined as medication-related care provided through direct patient contact and intended to improve quality of life. One of the fundamental components will be patient education and counselling. In United States, concerns regarding improper medication use led to mandates requiring pharmacists to provide patient counselling and education (e.g. The Joint Commission), professional association standards of practice (e.g. ASHP) and federal regulations (e.g. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 [OBRA-90] ). Ideally, medication counselling should extend to all patients and their caregivers regardless of the patient care setting. Collaboration with other healthcare professionals may help to individualize counselling. However, barriers do exist , such as excessive workload, lack of financial compensation and patient's attitudes. At Malaysia, due to high patient load at government facilities, we tend to counsel only the essentials. Hopefully, ...

Introduction The term diabetes mellitus describes diseases of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism that are characterized by hyperglycemia . It is associated with A relative or absolute impairment in insulin secretion , along with Varying degrees of peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), two-hour plasma glucose during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or glycated hemoglobin (A1c) may be used for diagnostic testing. OGTT is not commonly used (except during pregnancy ) owing to its inconvenience. Hemoglobin A combines with glucose to form glycosylated hemoglobin. The proportion of hemoglobin in the glycated form ( HbA1c ) gives an indication of the blood glucose concentration over the preceding three months (the life of a red blood cell). Morbidity from diabetes is a consequence of both Macrovascular disease (atherosclerosis) and Microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy). NOTE: Gestational diabetes mellitus will be discussed ...