Rx Note

Introduction A proper skincare routine typically includes cleanser, toner (optional), serum, moisturizer and sunscreen  (morning only). Cleanser: Removes dirt, excess oil, sweat and impurities from the skin, creating a clean surface for optimal absorption of subsequent products. Toner (optional): Helps balance the skin’s pH, provides light hydration and prepares the skin for better absorption of serums and moisturizers. Traditionally, toners were used to remove residual cleansers and provide a temporary tightening effect, though modern formulations are often more hydrating and soothing. Serum: A lightweight, concentrated formula designed to deliver active ingredients (e.g. vitamin C, hyaluronic acid and retinol) deep into the skin to target specific concerns like dullness, dehydration, fine lines or uneven tone. Moisturizer: Locks in hydration, strengthens the skin barrier and seals in the benefits of previous steps, especially serums. Sunscreen (morning only): Provides ...

Introduction Menopause is a physiologic event characterized by loss of ovarian activity and permanent cessation of menses , diagnosed after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea. The median age at which menopause occurs is 51 years, with a normal range of 45 to 55 years. Symptoms Symptoms of menopause occur in 75% of females and are moderate to severe in 28%. Symptoms may start during perimenopause (menopausal transition) and last, on average, 7 to 10 years. Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) predominate in perimenopause, but urogenital symptoms become more common with age. Hot flashes Typically begin as the sudden sensation of heat centred on the upper chest and face that rapidly becomes generalized. The sensation of heat lasts from 2 to 4 minutes, is often associated with profuse perspiration and occasionally palpitations, and is sometimes followed by chills and shivering, and a feeling of anxiety. Hot flashes usually occur several times per day , although the range may...

Introduction The liver is the main organ involved in fat metabolism. Damage to the hepatocytes disrupts this process and leads to steatosis. Steatosis is an excessive accumulation of fats in the liver, and may be either alcoholic or non-alcoholic. The relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed and the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is nonlinear, but an intake of about > 30-50 g/day (> 2 drinks/day in females and > 3 drinks/day in males) for at least 1 year is considered to place an individual at risk for ALD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from the more benign condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with lobular inflammation and apoptosis that can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Clinical Features Steatosis is associated with abnormal liver function tests and can be asymptomatic. A patient presenting with steatosis generally shows fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hypoglycem...